Case study assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

designation - Case Study ExampleAlthough it allow for be uncomfortable to call the Vice President of applied science and inform him concerning the potential problems/delay, oversight with regard to this issue is fundamental if the correct seris of choices will be do as the deadline for this project nears. Moreover, a nonher rational for this response to be put forward by this disciple has to do with the fact that if the situation escalates, the Vice President of Engineering alongside many other mellowed profile individuals within the company will be irate with regard to the fact that this issue was not brought to their attention prior to it causing a work stoppage or hardships/ill will/or even legal trouble between the producer and the client. Unfortunately, even though the Vice President will be upset with regard to the fact that this issue threatens to derail the timeline that was already delayed, seeking to be extrovert with appreciate to this issue is ultimately the exce ed approach.B) Option B does presents Tim with the possibility of including old components as a function of meeting the Vice Presidents directions to merely get the stuff done however, the best approach within situation A & B is to seek to return to the production line and stop the products utilizing newly crafted components and hoping that the impurity levels will be low enough to pass quality control.C) In the grapheme that Arnold is out of town when Tim calls him, it is incumbent upon him to attempt to reach out to him on an emergency contact result or to escalate this situation to the next layer of management. Although it is true that Tim will be uncomfortable with waiver up the chain of command higher and higher, the need to do this so that further heartache with respect to the production process and customer dissatisfaction will not occur in the future.Explaining the situation from the very inception is the best way to

World Economies Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

World Economies - Article Exampleevident increases in purchasing power, global economies have been historied to potentially increase their products to America and other developed nations, which in turn, could further buoyed too much optimism of sparing growth. The danger, according to the information, was that other economies could become too complacent and forget the fact that there are whitewash other important economic aspects that need to be addressed. The perception of growth in human economies could obviously drive complacency to a point where more important economic reforms could be forgotten or stalled.One agrees with this assertion given that based on reported experiences on world economies, good intelligence information would usually put economic legislators into a momentary status quo since positive growth rates seemingly indicate that economic measures have been effective in achieving economic targets. However, it could be deduced that the interconnected nature of w orld economies should put each economy into assuming a proactive stance at looking beyond current positive patterns and anticipating what these potentials could impact on future economic conditions. In fact, globally, the problem on jobs appease to exist and remain to be a persistent problem that needs to be addressed scorn positive patterns in various economic indicators.Why optimism may be bad intelligence service. 4 January 2014. The Economist. http//www.economist.com/news/leaders/21592613-good-news-about-global-growth-risks-pushing-interest-rates-up-and-politicians-appetite-reform. 14 February

Marketing management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing management - Research Paper Example2. A company that has a well-executed stigmatization strategy will enjoy the unafraid aspect of marketing. This is because nodes will be able to identify themselves with the good due to its color, brand name and even the price. Consumers will enjoy the benefits of easy selection and budgeting of their selected brand. With regard to a newly launched product, the brand name provides the advantage especially due to the customer base already created by pioneer brands.3. around of the new products fail in the market because of several reasons. One of the reasons is the level of competition. Most of the newly launched products are unable to compete effectively in the market hence fail. Most of the marketers as well as fail in conducting feasibility tests before launching their products in the market. In addition to this, poor brand strategies and failure to connect the new product with pioneer brand creates a loophole which eventually lea ds to the failure. Marketers are therefore under obligation to conduct a proper feasibility test before they introduce a new product. They must ensure that the product is appealing to the customers and meeting their demands in terms of price timberland and quantity.4. Most marketers are have engaged in understanding the psychological behavior of the consumers and are in a flash utilizing the strategy of perceived value. This means that the value of the price of the goods or services are according to what the customers thinks they are. The pick up to perceived value pricing is providing the customer with what they want in form of size, quality, quantity, and price. Once this is done customer loyalty follows and this is the most important aspect of perceived pricing. The marketer is able to predict the price to be paid through customer loyalty, customer demands and customer cares services.5. One of the strategies is to increase the compensation such that the highest marketer gets the highest commission. This will act

Do the classical theorists still apply to modern warfare in the Essay

Do the uncorrupted theorists still apply to upstart warfare in the twentieth century What about in the twenty-first century - Essay ExampleHowever, governmental bodies and rulers, along with the participants of battles and conflicts have their distinct and particular classic theorists with the consultative expertise, who recommends and propose impeccable opinions to these bodies. These theorist offers with their opinions and recommendations principally for the role of preparation as they have encountered the state realities of the battlefield in a widespread and comprehensive way. In addition, they are masters with the boundless and great selective information and statistics on the past and chronicled researches2. The studies and data demonstrates the fact that Hellenic theorist still apply to the modern-day conflicts and wars in the twentieth century as well as in the twenty-first century specifically concerning the technological advancements and boom in the industrial secto r that the world is experiencing. Although the industrial revolution did not sour change largely for the classical theorists, yet they continued to keep themselves modernized and elucidated the existing and recent truths and information on a continuous basis in order to maintain their worth and significance3. Several of the theories cogitate to warfare in the old times have undergone some changes and are dissimilar and unlike to the modern warfare as the social, political, cultural, economic and technological factors alters with the passage of time and thus, have a great visual sense of influence on the articulation of the warfare4. Many of the classical theories have come under collection, assembling, and consolidation by the theorists that were imperative and essential intuitions, perceptions and visions that emphasized their extended apprehensions of the warfare, rather than their advice to the explicit activities in the war. According to some of the classical theorists, ethic al and principal manipulation, climatic conditions, territory, or region of a country, authority, control and domination, and regulation and obedience were fewer major and elementary aspects that were critical and crucial to the planning of the war5. Whereas, when looking at the other end of the spectrum, in contrast to the extensive knowledge about the past records of the army and their headship and management, the above mentioned aspects of consideration at the planning of the war by few theorist was irrelevant, out of date or even pedestrian6. As the classical theorist had different perspectives, their ideas and thoughts differ from each other and this can come under witness by the diverse and deviating past situations and surroundings. Some of the theorists focused and emphasized that, victory in the drive and conquering and defeating the rivals through with(predicate) paramount focus was the leading and vital solution. While others highlighted and accentuated the fact that d eceit and dishonesty is the key to conquest and winning in the battle, and ruling over, and controlling the enemys insight and opinions will make them fight to the directed side7. Despite of the fact that the classical theorists were poles apart, nevertheless, they had abundant and plentiful chief and significant resemblances and relationship in their theories. The

Defamation of celebrities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Defamation of celebrities - Research make-up ExampleSlander can be differentiated from smear is that slander is deniable while libel can be proved because there is hard evidence. In the essay, we shall explore the ramifications of defamation and how best to acquit with it.The essay shall explore three celebrities who were involved in defamation cases. Namely Angelina Jolie and her husband Brad Pitt, commit Cosby and former President of the United States Bill Clinton. Angelina Jolie together with Brad Pitt and their children are single of the most recognized celebrity families in the world today. Their movies have garnered millions of dollars in sales around the world, but it is what they do after-school(prenominal) of Hollywood that gets the most attention. Both of them are involved in humanitarian activities with Angelina being a state of grace ambassador for the United Nations. Her husband is also involved in humanitarian efforts, but he is in general active in the war tor n region of Darfur.Their work is well known and appreciated especially when they adopted children from war torn regions to show the world it is possible to help save the world one child at a time. Not everybody was pleased with what they were doing and rumors started circulating that their actions were motivated by gaining fame and they were trafficking children. This was because they adopted children from Africa, Asia and southwestward America. Tabloids published these malicious reports without having any actual evidence and the paparazzi followed them everywhere trying to get a photograph. This fashion went on for some time without them taking any action, but that was until they published photos of their newly born lady friend that they decided to make an example the paparazzi.A news agency called News of the World published a story that the couple was breaking up and added a few statements concerning their parental skills. The statements seem to have been the eventually straw and they sued the agency for slander. The agency claimed that they had adopted all those children only

(persuasive speech) Preventing exposing our kids to Violent video Speech or Presentation

(persuasive ) Preventing exposing our kids to Violent word-painting games (negative effects of impetuous video games on youth) - patois or Presentation ExampleVideo games are also a component of the media and the usage of video games has greatly increased all over the years as a form of entertainment. With the surge in the wager of video games, the negative aspects of the video games have come forward and have been highlighted. A strong bear on between playing violent video games and the increase in the rate of crime amongst youths has been portrayed and some criminal acts have been associated with exposure to violence in video games. Video games have become an congenital form of entertainment for youths and the increasing popularity can be analyzed from the fact that children who are as spring chicken as two years of age play video games on an average of one instant every day. This tends to increase with age and children between the age group of 8 to 13 years play video games for more than approximately 7.5 hours in a single week. Furthermore another very significant aspect that has been indicated by a research is that teenagers presented the fact that the games that they bought and played were not reviewed by their parents. Thus there is no regulation on the type of video games that these children play (Anderson et al 2001). It has also been analyzed that 75 percent of the games that are played by teenagers are not meant for their age and have a life-sized amount of violence portrayed in them (Adams, 2010). Video games date back from the years following 1970. The construct of video games itself was not an issue of debate but arguments arose with regard to video games when violent video games were brought into the market. These include Death Race 2000, Mortal Kombat, Street Fighter, Wolfenstein 3D and Night Trap. These video games all follow violent themes and patterns and were objected upon. Such controversies were a threat for the video game industry and in the year 1994 Entertainment software system Rating Board came into existence which was meant to regulate the violence and sexual material of the video games. This served to be an of the essence(predicate) step owing to the fact that a controlling measure was essential for keeping a full point on the type of video games that came in the market. Researches indicated the fact that there was greater popularity of violent video games and 59 percent of filles and 73 percent of boys in their fourth year of school preferred violent games over the other ones. The matter became a subject of national concern and the Supreme Court of the United States issued a decision that it may put bans on violent video games owing to the negative aspects of these issues (Anderson et al 2001 Greenberg 2007 Suddath 2010). eventful incidents have served as eye openers with regard to this subject. The killing of a six year old girl named Zoe by her sister and her boyfriend was a shocking in cident. Zoe became the target of her sister Heather Trujillo who was 16 years old and her boyfriend Lamar Roberts who was 17 years old. According to reports, Heather and her boyfriend were greatly inspired by the game Mortal Combat and were practicing the moves of the game on Zoe. This resulted in Zoe suffering from multiple fractures and eventually her decease (McPhee 2007). The death of Zoe was a tragic incident. Children should be allowed to play video games but parental supervision is an extremely essential step that needs to be taken. Parents should guide their children and they should keep fixed hours for their games. They

Monetary Policy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Monetary Policy - Article Example closure of the countrys monetary policy which has reduced matter to pass judgment too record small levels with the aim of stimulating the economy by encouraging borrowing. the obligate also does observe that low interest rates can be beneficial to companies in the sense that they can borrow money cheaply.The article revisits the issue of pension plans which were used to compensate workers instead of using pay increments. While these plans were quite helpful, they presently seem unsustainable as companies that contribute to pensions struggle with costs. The authors crunch some numbers, noting that pension plan funding experience a fall of $79 billion in 2012. Using examples of big companies, the authors are able to showing the effect of falling interest rates on pension plans. For example, Monga and Ramsey (1) observe that falling interest rates in Europe and the United states have seen the company reduce its discount rate from 4.6 percent to 3 .84 percent. somewhat of the companies mentioned in the article that are pouring cash into their pensions include General Motors, Boeing, Verizon Communications and AT&T. therefore, mend low interest rates might encourage borrowing, they affect other economic aspects

ETHICAL DILEMAS INTERNATONALIZING FIRMS HAVE FACED Research Proposal

ETHICAL DILEMAS INTERNATONALIZING FIRMS HAVE FACED - Research Proposal ExampleEach party comes with marketing transactions according to their cultural backgrounds of how the businesses should exist as wholesome as how business should be implemented (Mozur 2015). Each aspect of marketing has ethical implications.Ethical implications in marketing study include incursion of privacy along with stereotyping (Brislin & Yoshida, 1994). Stereotyping happens because of analysis of real population in order to make applications as well as placing individuals into groups (Merriam, 2001). However, if it is conducted irresponsibly it might lead to ethical objectionable results.In this perspective, selective market is mostly used to depress demand from unwanted market sectors. A number of unethical market prohibit includes past business stances to the gay, cultural minority as well as plus size markets (Knowles, Holton, & Swanson, 2012). insufficient skills in marketing ploys is another ethica l issue that is connected to vulnerable audiences in developing

1.The purpose of this coursework is to examine current fiscal and

1.The resolve of this is to examine current fiscal and monetary policies by the UK government and their effectiveness and impact on gross domestic product and interest rates using graphical and regression analysis - Coursework ExampleIn essence, the IS-LM amaze is a macro-economic tool demonstrating the relationship between interest rates and real number out-put in the goods and services market and the money market. It is a combination of goods market and money-market equilibriums. The aggregate model describes general equilibrium situation in macro-economy. IS-LM model is based on assumption of fixed price level. This implies that general price level will non abruptly adjust when economic conditions alter. Suppose there is an increase in demand. Given supply, the increase in demand should produce an increase in price level (and in quantity exchanged deep down market). The period within which it stays unaltered is short run.The time series traits of variables using three tests display most of variables are stationary with intercept. This captures non-zero mean under alternative hypothesis. Nonetheless, many variables are non-stationary with constant and deterministic time trends. This captures deterministic trends under this alternative. The variables may therefore be regarded as stationary and does not lead differencing.The IS Curve is representative of the equilibrium points in goods market, that is, the combinations of r and Y for which investments (I) are equal to savings (S). It is eventful to re extremity that investment is negatively related to real interest rate and is non-dependent on level of real output/income. Saving has a positive relationship to real interest rate and further increases with income. several(a) scholars have argued that the European sovereign debt crisis is traceable to the nineties whereby the 15 member states then, deliberated on the benefits of establishment of a common regional currency (Sgherri & Zoli, 2009). Despite ag reeing on certain debt targets, there are many instances where member states out-rightly failed to adhere to the ceiling limits. Despite this obvious violation, no financial sanctions were imposed on

The Prospectus and Dissertation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Prospectus and Dissertation - Coursework ExampleThis comes in handy in determining the approval of the proposed dissertation. It introduces the problem statement and argues the case with facts on the importance of authorship the dissertation to address the question. It is basically an overview detailing to the reader about the problem statement. This holds the key to approval. It is therefore pregnant that it is written well and convincingly.When writing this part, the writer also has a chance of finding more facts about his planned dissertation from previous research. The writers opinions should be factual personal judgments without basis could haul to the proposed dissertation being ruled out (Joyner and Glatthorn)The third element of the prospectus caters for the methodology that the writer plans to use. wholeness should be wise to detail the methods of research and evaluation that are best suit for his or her reach of study (Gonzales, 47). It is important to detail the proposed methodology since the military commission could also help with additions. It proves to them that the writer has a orbit of content in the dissertation topic and can therefore carry out meaningful research (Roberts, 97).Lastly, as the department of planning of University of California writes, the prospectus has a conclusion. It concludes the details highlighted therein and tends to beseech the committee to view the proposed dissertation as being worthy of their

Traditional Practice of Buddism in Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Traditional Practice of Buddism in Asia - Essay ExampleThesis statement The contrast study proves that Buddhism served by contemporary Americans and conventional practices of Buddhism in Asia are different due to the divergency in the role of women in religious matters, difference between text-based and meditation-centered practice, difference between traditional and reinterpreted Buddhism, and cultural differences (special references to American and Asian Buddhist practices). Buddhism practiced by contemporary Americans Buddhism practiced by contemporary Americans is a hybrid variety of Chinese, Japanese, Tibetan, Cambodian, Thai and Burmese Buddhist traditions. Seager made clear that There are many forms of American Buddhism and many different Buddhist rituals, most(prenominal) of which have their origins in Asia moreover are being transplanted and adapted to the United States (4). Besides, trade and commerce play an important role in the short-circuit of Buddhist practice in America. To be specific, the American merchant ship, namely The Empress of China aiming to expand trade and commerce with China, reached Canton in the year 1784 and introduced Buddhism in America. In addition, the immigrants from China who happened to reach the mainland of America in 1820s spread Buddhist practices in America. The World parliament of Religions (Chicago, 1893) deep influenced the spread of Japanese Buddhism in America. Later, the influx of Tibetan immigrants to America due to Chinese holocaust in Tibet introduced Tibetan Buddhist practice in America. The instability in the Asian nations like Laos and Thailand resulted in the monstrous scale immigration of Asians to America. Besides, this resulted in the introduction of Theravada tradition of Buddhism in America. So, Buddhism practiced by contemporary Americans is non rigid but flexible. To be specific, the amalgamation of different Buddhist traditions deeply rooted in the Indian Buddhism is the foundation of the Buddhist practices in contemporary America. This helped the American Buddhism to accept the core elements of American culture. Traditional practice of Buddhism in Asia The traditional practice of Buddhism in Asia is based upon Gautama Buddhas preaching. Within this context, Buddhism does not believe in the existence of the God. Instead, Buddhism proclaims that one can attain salvation or moksha through mediation. The Buddhist philosophy or the teachings of Gautama Buddha is the core aspect of the traditional practice of Buddhism in Asia. Besides, the traditional practice of Buddhism in Asia is able to comprise different cultural aspects. To be specific, the Indian Buddhism can be considered as an extension of Hinduism. For instance, most of the practices of Indian Buddhism are deeply rooted in the practices of Hinduism. The only difference is that Hinduism believes in the existence of God but Buddhism discards the same. Within this context, Buddhism accepted some elements of Hindui sm and became popular beyond Indian context. This characteristic of assimilation was helpful for Buddhism to spread to the different parts of Asia. Swearer made clear that Buddhist monks in Southeast Asia have taken lead roles in causes that have led to both direct and indirect political consequences (132). In China, Japan, Tibet and other Asian nations, Buddhism accepted

British economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

British economy - Essay ExampleIn the entire EU the industries that are marketing or technology-driven had grown at the quickest rate. The media, printing, publishing and the sports commodities industries likewise made a considerable growth. Since 1995, the UKs electrical, chemical as wellhead as the optical area (and also going tandem was the IT and communications orbit) had a faster growth rate surpassing that of the hearty economy.Its believed that the shipbuilding, steel, clothing and textile industries were slowly moving to the poor nations due to the stiff competition by the aforementioned growing industries. As a result the capacity of manufacturing and the labour force dedicated to the manufacturing heavens experienced a fall. ( Winford, et al 2005 pp 90-91)A while ago UK was called the workshop of the world. In UK is the ancestor of the industrial revolution as per the belief of many. The sector of manufacturing held the highest number of workers in the labour force o f UK and the sidetrack used to be very high. However, the manufacturing sector of UK started to experience several over takings first by the nation of Germany and later on by the US. This has gone on relentlessly and China as well as Japan have followed suit.Factually, the employment in the manufacturing sector of UK did not start in the detain three decades, but since the 1950s. Towards the late 1970s the labour force proportion working in the UK manufacturing sector was about 7 million but in 2005 the number of employees was at 3.5 million. As an activity, manufacturing has been said to wane and its a verdict by many commentators. Most of the decrease has been linked to the fall in the workforce.Particularly, the fall in this sector in the context of UK has been witnessed from the 1850s due to the rise in the rate of industrialisation of other nations. Also the

Six Sigma Team Dynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

sixer Sigma Team Dynamics - Essay spokespersonThe idea is to improve the quality of manufacturing in the companys trading operations transcription using the sise Sigma concept.The paper give use the Six Sigma theory to link the quality control department, engineering department and production team to cut down on defects, reduce inefficiencies and improve results. To this end, the researcher will use the principles of Lean Six Sigma to propose how to develop and design operations and team activities as well as team system in the quest for zero defects. The paper will explain how DMAIC and some statistical tools can be used to improve the system brainstorming and communication can be carried out to attain the go around results or the company in the case.Six Sigma identifies defects and errors in production system, which affects manufacturing and business processes and improves quality of the processing systems in order to improve outputs (Nash et al., 2008, p. 17). Six Sigma is a methodology that was used by Motorola and is still applicable to the operations systems of most businesses. It is a quest for continuous evaluation of output against some stated metrics in order to ensure that the system is improved on a regular basis to meet the demands and lookouts of stakeholders.A defect is defined as anything that affects the production process in a way that customer expectation is not met (Smith, 2010). Thus, Six Sigma enables businesses to come up with better ways of aligning consumer needs and expectations with the operation system so that they improve to meet changing demands and trends and also identify product defects and check them.In the wider sense, Six Sigma has impacts on different aspects of the business. Forrest et al. (2001) identify two main components of the Six Sigma system. First of all, the Six Sigma model enables a business to identify metrics. These metrics define defects, business

Gender roles. Roles of Men and Women in Society Essay

Gender roles. Roles of Men and Women in Society - Essay ExampleII.The biological make up of an individual within a society has long been used to localise how that person should behave biology is non necessarily a determining situationor in gender roles In many of the societies today, in that location is a tendency to ascribe roles according to the biological makeup of the individuals within them Men were given over the positions of power, not because they could do better than women, but because of their biological makeupIII.The society plays a major role in determining the gender roles of the individuals within it The p arnts of a large number of people in society determine the gender roles of their children and rigidly enforce them.Society is a powerful force in the lives of the individuals within it It is oft extremely difficult for individuals to go against the roles which have been set for them by their own societiesIV.Culture is another major itemor that determines th e gender roles of individuals in the societies within which they live. there are many different cultures around the knowledge domain and each has its own expectations about what roles the members of each sex should undertakeOther cultures evictnot be judged according to the Hesperian standards because of the fact that while there may be similar cultures, there are others which are wholly differentIn a globalized culture, men and women are considered to be equal and tend to be given equal opportunities, with each sex performing those tasks which were traditionally reserved for the other V. The mingled roles that are ascribed to the various genders are mostly determined by the society within which individuals live as well as by its culture. Biology only acts as a marker to determine how the society is going to complaisantize an individual to behave and it is not in itself a definer of gender roles Within the modern world, gender roles are starting to become insignificant Women can take up the roles traditionally reserved for men with the said(prenominal) efficiency and the reverse has also been proven to be true The gender roles are today belatedly becoming blurred and they may cease to exist altogether in future It is a fact that gender roles have existed for almost as long as the human race has existed and it is quite practical that they will continue to exist in the foreseeable future. They are a part of the daily lives of individuals and are manifested within the society by observable factors such as how one behaves or appear. Gender roles can be considered to be patterns of feelings deemed appropriate or inappropriate because of ones gender and they derive from the social expectations of how members of the different genders whether male or female, should behave. An example of this is if a person considers themselves to be female, then she would be anticipate to display the characteristics which are typically associated with being female, such as being gentle, dependent and expressive of their feelings. There are various factors that are used to determine the gender roles in society and the most measurable of these are biological, social, and cultural factors. One would state that the biological make up of an individual within a society has long been used to determine how that person should behave. However, there is yet to be proof of the fact that whether one is male or female, he or she is born with the innate knowledge of the characteristics that are a great deal ascribed to their gender (Zosuls et al 827). In

Chabros International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chabros International - Essay ExampleDubai is on the decline mostly due to tough economic conditions.A closer analysis of the facts provided in the caseful study would suggest strategic management and strategic issues which firm needs to focus on. Two of the important management issues are mode of entry as well as the marketing strategy of the firm.When accounting entry into international markets, firms have relatively diversified options to exercise. From exporting to the establishment of a Greenfield projects, firms can choose the reform strategy based upon the overall situation and the resources available to the organization. However, in order to expand into any market, it is similarly critical to highlight and explore language and cultural differences as well as the institutional differences as these factors tend to have significant impact on the way a firm has to develop its marketing as well as HR strategy.The initial strategy adapted by the firm was to forecast into joi nt ventures with the firms which were not located in the region. This therefore created strong cultural and interpersonal issues for partners who were not utilise to the overall culture and business norms of the region.As such the firm entered into the market without actually making an swither to understand the topical anesthetic dynamics and importance of having local partners. Since firm was entering into different markets for the first cadence it was therefore important for it to either start through the exporting or founding joint ventures with the local firms. However, the firm, actually opened wholly owned subsidiaries in those regions with 100% ownership therefore the necessary detonator was tied up in establishing new facilities.Secondly, the firm focused on one market enchantment continued to expand in other markets despite the fact that major chunk of its sales were glide path from one single market i.e. Dubai. Rather than

Alcohol consumption Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alcohol uptake - Literature review ExampleThe someoneality factors of fresh people have an influence on the insobriety motive.One of the reasons for motivating a teenaged person to drink is anxiety. A person with anxiety most often has fear and feels difficulty in get by with lives. So they drink in order to ease their situation and get some relaxation. Anxiety corporation be due to many reasons like relationship problems, stress or illness. While drinking gives a soothing effect, the person may gain control over inner experience. According to ( Hardy,2011) In the study, which include a nationally representative sample of 34,653 American adults, 13% of the people who had consumed alcohol or drugs in the previous year said theyd done so to reduce their anxiety, fear, or brat about a situation. When people are young they have less ability to cope up with anxiety, fear and panic and hence they get motivated to consume alcohol.Social reasons are another motivation which induces a lcohol consumption among young people. People across the culture drink alcohol for social or enhancement reasons as a sense of enjoyment. In many culture around people drink on festivals, rituals occasions, consumption requisite and gainings. In European and American culture drinking wine is a daily affair and youngsters get more inclined to drink alcohol at tender age. When young people gather for functions, party, festivals and on weekend they tend to join their friends who are drinking and often get motivated. So all gathering they get motivated to drink if some of the friends in the group are drinking and it lento becomes a habit. As per Hoops( 2011, pg.135-142) It is widely believed that peer pressure has many effects on students, particularity in the use of drugs and alcohol.Young people also drink alcohol to enhance their personality. At young age people go through much transition on emotional and physical seat and alcohol is a way to give them emotional strength. Also young people think that drinking

Transition metals Essay Example for Free

revolution metals EssayIron is a transition element. A transition element is an element that forms at to the lowest degree one ion with a partially file d orbital1. Transition metals have several different oxidization states, so can be oxidized and reduced. Oxidizing the Fe2+ leave behind make it Fe3+, and it leave lose an electron. Fe3+ e- + Fe3+ Reducing Fe3+ volition bring it back to Fe2+, as it will gain an electron. Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ I have been given a resolution containing between 1. 1g and 1. 3g of iron ions, a garland of Fe2+ and Fe3+. To work step up how much Iron(II) and Iron(III) is in the mixture, I will start with a titration. I will determine the amount of Fe2+ in the mixture originally by titrating with potassium permanganate, and therefore oxidising the Fe2+ to Fe3+. Potassium permanganate, KMnO4, is self indicating, so when the oxidation point is reached, it changes brown. Then I will reduce the Fe3+ back to Fe2+ with zinc powder and work out the amount o f Fe2+ in the remaining mixture by titrating the new mixture against approximately 0. 1 molar potassium permanganate.Then Fe2+ mass in 2nd solution Fe2+ mass in 1st solution = Mass of Fe2+ originally in the solution. This prove will only give me the Mass of Fe2+ in the solution, so the Fe3+ will need to be worked out by subtracting the Mass off the Fe2+ from the 200cm3 solution used at the beginning. Water solubility moderate, produces solutions which are intensely coloured, even when quite dilute Specific gravity 2. 70 Principal hazards This material is harmful if swallowed or inhaled. It is also harmful if absorbed through the skin.Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent and may fight down very exothermically with organic materials. Safe handling Wear safety glasses and keep the solid or solution from contact with the skin.. Take care not to allow the solid to come into contact with flammable materials. Emergency Eye contact Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least(prenominal) ten minutes and call for medical help. Skin contact Wash off with plenty of water. pull in ones horns any contaminated clothing. If the skin appears damaged, call for medical aid. If swallowed Call for immediate medical help.Disposal handsome amounts of very dilute potassium permanganate solution can be flushed down a resolve with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. More concentrated solutions and waste solid should be retained for disposal by those in charge of the laboratory. Protective equipment Safety glasses. Protective gloves should not normally be necessary. If they are to be used, nitrile will provide some protection, but may bring down upon contact with solid or solution, so should be checked regularly and replaced if damage is apparent.

To Hang or Not to Hang Essay Example for Free

To Hang or non to Hang EssayThe debate and controversy surrounding the issue of decease punishment has been revisited numerous times. Bohm (1991) rightly concludes that over the last decade and a half, few issues have received greater attention in criminology and criminal justice than the proper role of groovy punishment in this society.1(p.4) And analogous most genial debates, the battle has been fought beyond the legislative halls and into the everyday grind of daily life. Opinions ar abundant as individuals stormily make the cases in support of or in opposition to the penalty of closing. And through the written word, this generator wishes to contri scarcelye to the debate.ThesisIt is this writers view that the death penalty should be abolished. However, it must be clearly stated that this opinion is not primarily founded on the usual moral or sacred reasons. Rather, abolishment of the death penalty should be had as it is a waste of potentially racy homo life and is contrary to the interests of the state. This paper, in the latter sections, will also introduce an alternative model to death penalty that will reconcile the points-of-view of those in favor and those opposed to the penalty.In order to sufficiently talk over the arguments for the abolishment, it is essential that the movement, dubbed the Abolitionist Movement, be traced to its roots. According to Schabas (1997), the abolitionist movement finds its roots in the literary productions of European theorists Montesquieu, Voltaire and Bentham, and English Quakers John Bellers and John Howard. However, it was Cesare Beccarias 1767 essay, On Crimes and Punishment that had an especially strong impact end-to-end the world. In the essay, Beccaria theorized that there was no justification for the states taking of a life.2 (p.13) Those in favor of abolishing the death penalty usually present a case founded on the following arguments that the death penalty (1) is a cruel, painful and degradin g punishment, (2) does not serve as an effective deterrent to criminal offence and (3) is morally reprehensible as only the Supreme Power has the right to egress a hu bit life, especially considering that the courts pronouncement of ungodliness may be subject to error. The maiden argument is reiterated by free pardon International (AI), the leading worldwide non-governmental Human Rights organization calling for the abolition. According to AI, an execution, just like torture, involves a deliberate labialize on a prisoner. Even so-called valet de chambree methods such as lethal injection can involve excruciating suffering.3 In Why Abolish the stopping point penalty? (2007), the same organization called on the join Nations to abolish the penalty by likening it to torture like torture, an execution constitutes an extreme physical and mental assault on a person already rendered helpless by government authorities.4 If tortuous acts are instanter found to be universally repreh ensible, there is no logical argument why great(p) punishment could not be considered in the same light. Secondly, the statistics with regard to the relationship between capital punishment and crime rates are contradictory and inconsistent. Many factors affect criminality in the society socio-economic conditions, poverty rates, levels of rearing etc. By saying that the institution of capital punishment will go out a crime-free society, or atleast lessen the incidences of criminality, is misleading and uncorroborated by statistical data. Thirdly, there is a question of morality involve in this debate. Does the state have the moral ascendancy to take away a persons life? on that point are obviously religious issues that are interlocked within this debate. However, tied(p) despite whatever religious arguments there may be, there is still the great issue of the courts fallibility. There have been many cases, well-documented at that, wherein a pronouncement of guilt has been over turned.How so could one ensure that we are not killing innocents? Upon closer examination, the practice of the death penalty reveals that no criminal justice remains is, or conceivably could be, capable of deciding fairly, consistently and infallibly criminal justice systems are vulnerable to contrariety and error. Expediency, discretionary decisions and prevailing public opinion may influence the proceedings.5Anti-ThesisThose who support the continued application or the reinstitution of the death penalty use the issue of bullying as their main argument. It is the first and foremost employment of the state to protect its citizens from dangers to their persons and property. The death penalty is one way of accomplishing this task.In Debating the Death penalty Should the States assume Capital Punishment? The Experts on Both Sides Make Their Best Case (2004), Bedau writes that perhaps the most guileless argument for the death penalty is that it saves innocent lives by preventing convicted murderers from killing again.6(187) This conclusion is rooted in the logic that for those of reasonable intelligence and unimpaired faculties, there is usually a pattern-process (even if short-lived) that precedes the commission of an act a thought process that weighs the pros, cons and possible consequences.In the above quoted work by Bedau, Professor James Q. Wilson explains that people are governed in their daily lives by rewards and penalties of every sort. We shop for bargain prices, praise our children for good behavior and scold them for bad, accept lower interest rates to stimulate home building and fear that higher ones will write dget it, and conduct ourselves in public in ways that lead our friends and neighbors to form good opinions of us. To assert that deterrence doesnt work is tantamount to either denying the plainest facts of everyday life or claiming that would-be criminals are utterly antithetic from the rest of us.7 (189)In order to understand the complex question of capital punishment as a deterrent, writes Bedau in The Death Penalty in America An Anthology (1964), it is necessary to place it within the context of the disposition and purposes of punishments in general. Punishments under law are usually framed with a two-fold purposeretribution and prevention.8(258) A punishment serves to incapacitate the offender in order that he or she will no yearner to able to commit more than crimes. This may be done relatively (through incarceration) or absolutely (through capital punishment). But by far the most common way to employ a punishment as a preventative of crime is to adopt a sufficiently severe penalty so as to compel general obedience out of fear of the consequences of disobediencethe classic doctrine of deterrence.9 (260)It must be noted that the State is not a gleeful party in this debate that revels with each death of a wayward citizen. The death of a citizen is a tragic event tragic but necessary with the view of saf eguarding the rest of the unerring population. Not only will it ensure that rapists and murderers will feel the bountiful brunt of the laws retribution, it will discourage others with similar deviant tendencies.Those who cry for abolition, twist Sacred account book to suit their needs. An example of how misleading abolitionists arguments can be is reflected in this passage from Bedau (1964)10Many who oppose capital punishment make a strong argument out of the Sixth Commandment Thou shalt not kill ( Exod. 2013). But they fail to note the commentary on that Commandment which follows Whoever strikes a man so that he dies shall be put to death. If a man willfully attacks another to kill him treacherously, you shall take him from my altar that he may die ( Exod. 2112,14). It is faulty exegesis to take a verse of tidings out of its context and interpret it without regard to its qualifying words. (124) Capital Punishment, therefore, is a necessary measure to ensure that the state has su fficient leverage against those who commit heinous crimes. Its modern application is spared for those individuals who have insurmountable certify against them. Supporting the death penalty does not mean that there are some people who merit to die. Rather, it means that every individual in society deserve to have safe streets for themselves and for their children.Synthesis want the proponents for each faction in this debate, I too have a passionate argument for the abolition of capital punishment. However, I oppose it not merely on the bases of the conventional arguments, outline in the first section. Personally, I am not wholly convinced with the arguments and rationale of either side.To clarify my claim, I cannot in good conscience support capital punishment because it is a waste of a potentially productive human life. Furthermore, on some level, I feel that death is not the ultimate retribution. For heinous crimes like the rape of a minor or the murder of a child, as a citizen, I would expect nothing less than the full wrath of the law unto a person.If the death penalty were abolished from systems entirely, the remaining voiceless retributive method left for the state would be lifetime imprisonment without the possibility of parole. This would, and is probably already, strive the resources of the states by having to build more prisons with notes that could have otherwise gone into other areas of society that need rehabilitation healthcare, education, etc. Therefore, I see another model as an alternative Death Penalty should be the choice of the condemned person. If the thought of death is unpalatable to the inmate, as it could understandably be, there should be a system of Death row livelihood put into place. But instead of the inmates getting the revenues or even a portion of it, the money created should either be put back into the government system, using the funds to benefit causes like education that are definitely of more societal worth than expe nding money on killing these people. There are many non-threatening jobs that could be done by inmates from the safety of their own prison cells, like sorting mail or doing laundry. This would create an entire labour force that supports itself. different slavery or involuntary servitude, these inmates have been found guilty of heinous crimes, none of which (ideally) would be of having the misemploy skin-tone. One of the main reasons for the existence of a penitentiary system is not merely to punish but also to rehabilitate those who have been found of being a danger to the rest of civilized society.How then does killing them or keeping them incarcerated accomplish that? We would be making more animals than saving human beings. By putting them to work, it would not only make the abolitionists happy but also the coffers of the state would get healthier. And more importantly, it cannot be involuntary servitude should the inmate opt to work instead of being injected with a deadly cock tail, or being electrocuted, hung or shot by a firing squad. Surely after years of human evolution, we can find a better, more intelligent way of punishing those that dare to wreak massacre and endanger the rest of civil society.Reference PageAmnesty International. Death Penalty. Retrieved from www.amnesty.org on 22 July,2008Amnesty International. Why Abolish the Death Penalty (2007). Retrieved from www.amnesty.org on 22 July, 2008Bedau, A. (2004). Debating the Death Penalty Should America Have Capital Punishment? The Experts on Both Sides Make Their Best Case. Oxford University Press. forward-looking York.Bedau, A. (1964) The Death Penalty in America An Anthology. Aldine publish. Chicago.Bohm, R. ed. (1991) The Death Penalty in America Current Research. Anderson Publishing Co.Schabas, W. (1997). The Abolition of the Death Penalty in International Law. CambridgeUniversity Press, second edition1 Bohm, R. ed. (1991) The Death Penalty in America Current Research. Anderson Publishing Co.2 Schabas, W. (1997). The Abolition of the Death Penalty in International Law. Cambridge University Press, second edition3 Amnesty International. Death Penalty. Retrieved from www.amnesty.org on 22 July, 20084 Amnesty International. Why Abolish the Death Penalty (2007). Retrieved from www.amnesty.org on 22 July, 20085 ibid.6 Bedau, A. (2004). Debating the Death Penalty Should America Have Capital Punishment? The Experts on Both Sides Make Their Best Case. Oxford University Press. New York.7 Ibid.8 Bedau, A. (1964) The Death Penalty in America An Anthology. Aldine Publishing. Chicago.9 Ibid.10 Ibid.

Reporting Practices And Ethics Paper Essay Example for Free

Reporting Practices And morals Paper EssayAs you visit a medical clinic or hospital you may make believe concerns about the medical care you go forth receive. You would hope that you will receive fair and respectable interference from the staff. It is the responsibility of the staff to do the best job possible to service not only the paient merely in addition the employer. There is a need for an ethical foundation, especially in the health care setting. fit in to Bringing Ethics And Integrity Into Focus (2012), Patients and family members desire high quality care, patient safety and the in vogue(p) medical technology. But, ultimately, trust in the integrity of the caregiver is the foundation for their peace of mind.Elements of pecuniary Management pecuniary management is vital to an transcriptions effectiveness. Financial management consists of four elements. The fiscal manager takes the necessary steps to direct and organize the organizations objectives. This is th e element called Planning. Controlling is when the financial manager ensures that the plans set by the organization are macrocosm followed properly and efficiently. The financial manager then makes the decision of how to use the resources of the organization to carry out the plans that scram been established. This is where the organizing and directing comes in. The last step that the financial manager makes is the decision making process. This is where the financial manager will make informed choices through primary tasks of analysis and evaluation.Accounting Principles and Financial Ethics StandardsIt is very grievous that accounting and financial professionals abide by the ethical standards that regulate what kind of business is conducted, how they use their skills and who they serve. This is called Gernerally receivedAccounting Pricinples. Ethical standards are determined largely by professional accounting and finance organizations and the Financial Accounting Standards Board . Accountants and financial professionals must continue their education and practice the ethics that prepare them for their positions, and they must also continue that education by learning new information that can affect their practices. Accountants must be objective, avoiding conflicts of interest. They must not, for instance, perform accounting services for firms that they have a vested interest in. When working with a clients financial information, financial professionals have access to a great deal of personal information.This is not only restrict to financial information but also includes the names and contact information of employees as well as the names and locations of firms with which the company does business. Financial professionals are required to keep that information private except when arranged to disclose it by a court of law. Keeping information private is an example of an ethical standard. some other example of ethical standards of conduct and financial reporti ng practices would be the company Enron. Enron is a company know for its ethical scandals.Enron was unethical due to the fraud that was committed by its top executives. On paper the accountants do Enron more powerful than they appeared. Subsidiaries, known as special consumption entities have a single purpose and it was not necessary that they were included on Enrons balance sheet. These subsidiaries were used to hide risky investment activities and financial losses. (Folger, 2011). It was later determied that Enron assets and profits were inflated, and even fraudulent and non-existent. Enron was one of the worst accounting scandals of all time.ConclusionWith the Enron scandal, organization ethics are more important now than ever, but not only does it make a businesses practice sound, it also allows the employees of the organization to go by a higher standard of integrity in their daily functions. It is more critical in health care settings than any other environments that there i s an ethical foundation. It is important that health care staff conduct themselves with integrity, honesty, and respect for others and health care organizations must embroil standards of professional practice and having ethics is critical to the care patientsreceive. .ReferencesBringing ethics and integrity into focus. (2012). Retrieved from http//www.healthcarefinancenews.com/news/bringing-ethics-and-integrity-focus Folger, J. (2011). The Enron hold A Look Back. Retrieved from http//www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/1211/the-enron-collapse-a-look-back.aspx

The effect of reactant concentration Essay Example for Free

The effect of reactant concentration demonstrateThen pour the totality of atomic number 11 Thiosulfate using a step cylinder to the cone-shaped flask, the quantity will vary depending on the sample. 4. Rinse the measuring cylinder in water under the hip-hop to clean it of excess sodium thiosulfate. 5. Pour the water from the measuring cylinder into the conic flask (already containing the Sodium Thiosulfate), the amount of water will vary depending on the sample. 6. Draw a cross on a blank piece of paper. 7. Place the conelike flash containing the water and Sodium Thiosulfate mixture directly on top of the cross on the paper. 8. Collect 5 ml of Hydrochloric Acid using the clean measuring cylinder. 9. Keep the stop watch ready to time the reply time once the Hydrochloric Acid is added to the cone-shaped flask. 10. Transfer all of the 5 mL of Hydrochloric Acid into the conical flask and swirl the conical flask to start the answer and begin timing. 11. Stop timing and r ecord the time taken, when you faeces no all-night see the cross drawn on the paper. 12. Repeat steps 2-11 for each sample while ever-changing the some of the variants. Variables Independent VariableThe variable that changes in the investigation is the amount of Sodium Thiosulfate in the solution. certified Variable For this experiment the measured variable is the time taken for the reaction to conclude. This was measured in seconds. Controlled Variables o The amount of water in solution this was added to ensure that 50 mL of mixture was contained within the flask for each sample case. o Temperature o Amount of Hydrochloric acid 5 mL each time. Results We spy that when the HCL was added into the conical flask that a murky perception formed in the solution thus the prepare solution turned unclear.This can be explained by the following chemical reaction taking turn out 2HCL (aq) + Na2S2O (aq) S(s) + SO2 (g) + H2O The table below captures the results we obtained Table 1 Sample 2M HCL Amount of Na2S2O Amount of H2O compactness of Na2S2O Time mL mL mL M Sec Graph 1 Graph 2 Discussion By collecting the results from the investigation we were able to come to a conclusion on the affects of change the amount of Na2S2O and water has on the reaction of a solution.Graph 1 and Table 1 supra shows the amount of Na2S2O and the amount of water in each sample. This graph also shows the time taken for the reaction to finish, this being the time when we could no weeklong see the cross on the paper below the conical flask due to the solution becoming too murky in colour. It can be spy by looking at Graph 1 that, the lower the amount of Na2S2O that is present in the solution, the longer the time taken for the reaction to finish. This occurs because there is a reduced amount of Na2S2O concentration present in the mixture which can react with the HCL.This can also be seen in Graph 2 which shows the affinity between the amounts of Na2S2O concentration to the time required for the reaction to finish. Graph 1 also shows that the greater the amount of water present in the solution the longer it takes for the reaction to finish as the concentration of Na2S2O to HCL is nurture diluted. Thus it can be concluded that our results support the hypothesis that more change state solutions react alacritous than diluted solutions do.The affect on the reaction rate when varying the amount of water and Na2S2O is that more concentrated the Na2S2O and HCL mixture is, the faster the reaction occurs, i.e. the less water that is present to dilute the mixture the faster the reaction occurs. Evaluation Overall the investigation was completed successfully and we achieved our aim of investigating how a change in the concentration of a reactant affects that rate of a chemical reaction. There are a number of factors that can be changed and controlled so that to improve the accuracy of the results. The following things done in the future will friend to ensure that more rel iable data is obtainedUsing a rubber stopper in the conical flask when the HCL was transferred into the conical flask, gas escaped form the top of the flask. If in future tests, this gas was detain inside the flask with the use of a stopper the reaction may engage completed faster. trim human error Starting the timer at the same time in all the reactions would drop helped to increase the accuracy of the results. The timer should have been started either once the full amount of HCL was transferred in the conical flask or should have started when the pouring started.Another variable which could have been controlled was the number of times the conical flask was swirled after the HCL was added. This would have further helped with the accuracy of the data if all the samples were swirled at the same stronghold and the same number of times. Using distilled water this would ensure that the water is pure There might have also been errors with reading the scales on the measuring cylinder as we were reading these to the best of our ability. To be veritable that the exact amount of solution was added an electronic weighing scale could have been used.

2008 Presidential Debates Essay Example for Free

2008 Presidential Debates EssayThe October 7 debate, sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates, took place in Belmont University, Nashville, Tennessee and Tom Brokaw (NBC News) was the moderator. Questions were selected from thousands of online messages and were based on domestic and strange policy. Overall, the come forth that dominated the debate was the economy with two scum bagdidates pointing out the mistakes of the past and laying down their plan for the future. Senator Obama and McCain on the economySenator Obama started with pointing out that the country is in the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression and people are worried by about their jobs, pensions and their mightiness to send their children to schools. Senator Obama stated that the crisis was as a result of failed economic policies of the George Bush regime. Obama emphasized on correct Wall Street, cracking down on CEOs and making sure they dont get bonuses and giving the middle split ta x cuts.Senator McCain puts the blame on the democrats in the senate and in the congress who defended Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Senator McCain plan is to stabilize home value and buy up bad loans. He in addition does non propose any tax cuts or increases. Senator Obama and McCain on energy Senator McCains plan is to enhance the use of nuclear energy since it is, as he puts it, base hit and reliable. An added advantage of nuclear energy, according to him, is that the nuclear fuel spent can be reprocessed. Senator Obama puts energy among his authorize priority issues should he go ahead and win the presidency.He states that high gas prices are not only a strain to the family budget but also a threat to national trade protection since countries like Russia and Venezuela were benefiting from high oil prices. Obama proposes a $15 billion ten year plan to batten down independence from Middle Eastern oil. Senator Obama and McCain on health care Senator Obama proposes to lower the cos t of premiums by up to $2,500 a year by investing in prevention. He puts emphasis on using cultivation technology so that medical records are put in computers rather than in hospital forms.Senator McCain notes how everyone is essay with health care and proposes giving every the Statesn a $5,000 refundable tax credit so that they can get their health care insurance. The October 15 debate took place in Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York and Bob Schieffer (CBS News) was the moderator. center on on that day was on domestic policy. Senator McCain and Obama on economy Senator McCain once again blamed the input signal that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had that caused the housing market to collapse.Of the $700 billion allocated, McCain proposes to use 300 of that to buy the home loan mortgages and perform with home owners. Senator Obama reiterates that the financial rescue plan is an important step and proposes ending tax breaks for companies shipping jobs oversees and deliver the goods tax credit for companies creating jobs domestically. Senator Obama and McCain on energy Senator McCain plans to stop spending $700 billion annually in different countries on energy. He plans on investing in wind, tide, natural gas, nuclear and offshore drilling.He also suggests that Senator Obama is opposed to such initiatives. Senator Obama says that investing in a serious energy policy should help America to stop borrowing from China and spending in Saudi Arabia. Senator Obama and McCain on climate change The issue of energy and climate change goes hand in hand. Obama again talks of his plan to stop foreign oil dependence and making the oil companies drill from their unused land. He also says that he has cerebrate on putting resource into solar, wind, bio-diesel and geothermal. Senator McCain points out the importance of starting offshore drilling right away.

Jewish American Literature Essay Example for Free

Judaic American Literature EssayJewish American Literature holds an essential shopping mall in the literary recital of the United narrates. It encompasses traditions of writing in English, primarily, as well as in other languages, the most important of which has been Yiddish. While critics and sources generally acknowledge the notion of a distinctive star and practice of writing approximately Jewishness in America, some(prenominal) writers resist being pigeonholed as Jewish voices. Also, patchy nominally Jewish writers cannot be considered representative of Jewish American literature, nonp beil example being Isaac Asimov. inception with the memoirs and petitions composed by the Sephardic immigrants who arrived in America during the mid 17th century, Jewish American writing grew oer the subsequent centuries to flourish in other genres as well, including fiction, poetry, and drama. The first notable voice in Jewish- American literature was Emma Lazarus whose poem The New Colossus on the Statue of Liberty became the great hymnal of American immigration. Gertrude beer mug became one of the most influential prose-stylists of the early 20th century.The early twentieth century saw the coming into court of two pioneering American Jewish novels Abraham Cahans The Rise of David Levinsky and Henry Roths Call it Sleep. It reached some of its most come on expression in the 20th century Jewish American novels by capital of Minnesota Bellow, J. D. Salinger, Norman Mailer, Bernard Malamud, Chaim Potok, and Philip Roth. Their pull in explored the conflicting pulls between secular society and Jewish tradition which were acutely felt by the immigrants who passed by Ellis Island and by their children and grandchildren.More recent authors like Nicole Krauss, Paul Auster, Michael Chabon, Jonathan Safran Foer andArt Spiegelman suck continued to examine dilemmas of identity in their work, turning their attention specially to the final solution and the trends of bot h ongoing assimilation and cultural rediscovery exhibited by junior generations of American Jews. Arguably the most influential of all American- Jewish novels was Leon Uris Exodus. Its boloney of the struggle to create the young state of Israel translated into Russian became the inspirationfor hundreds of thousands of Russian immigrants to Israel. Modern Jewish American novels a lot contain (a few or many) Jewish characters and address issues and themes of importance to Jewish American society such as assimilation, Zionism/Israel, and Anti-Semitism, on with the recent phenomenon known as New Anti-Semitism. Two Jewish- American writers have win the Nobel lucre, Isaac Bashevis Singer and capital of Minnesota Bellow. Bernard Malamud is considered one of the most prominent figures in Jewish American literature. BERNARD MALAMUD ( 1914-1986).Malamuds stories and novels, in which reality and magic trick are frequently interfaced have been compared to parables, myths and analogies and often illustrate the importance of moral obligation. Although he draws upon his Jewish inheritance to address the themes of sins, suffering, and redemption, Malamud emphasizes human contact and compassion over orthodox religious dogma. Malamuds characters, com select often awkward and isolated from society, evoke both pity and humor through their attempts at survival and salvation. Sheldon J.Hershinow discovered Out of the everyday defeats and indignities of ordinary people, Malamud creates beautiful parables that capture the joy as well as the wo(e) of life he expresses the dignity of the human spirit searching for freedom and moral growth in the face for hardship, injustice, and the existential anguish of life. BIOGRAPHY Malamud was born on April 28, 1914, in Brooklyn, New York, to Russian Jewish immigrants. His parents, whom he described as gentle, honest, kindly people, were not highly educated and knew very little ab step to the fore literature of the arts There were no books in the house, no records, music, photos on the wall. Malamud attended high give lessons in Brooklyn and received his bachelors degree from the City College of New York in 1936. After graduation, he worked in a factory and as a clerk at the central bureau in Washington, D. C. Although he wrote in his spare time, Malamud did not begin writing seriously until the advent of the Second domain War and the subsequent horrors of the Holocausts. He questioned his religious identity and started reading about Jewish tradition and history .He explained I was concerned with what Jews stood for, with their getting down to the barebones of things. I was concerned with their ethnically how Jews felt for they had to live order to go on living. In 1949, he began teaching at Oregan State University he left this post in 1961 to teach productive writing at Bennington College in Vermont. He remained thither until shortly before his death in 1986.Starting in 1949, Malamud taught four sections of freshman committal to writing each semester at Oregon State University (OSU), an experience fictionalized in his 1961 novel A New intent. Because he lacked the Ph. D., he was not allowed to teach literature courses, and for a number of years his rank was that of instructor. In those days, OSU, a land grant university, placed little emphasis on the teaching of humanities or the writing of fiction.While at OSU, he devoted 3 days out of every hebdomad to his writing, and gradually emerged as a major American author. In 1961, he left OSU to teach creative writing at Bennington College, a position he held until retirement. In 1967, he was made a section of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.In 1942, Malamud met Ann De Chiara (November 1, 1917 March 20, 2007), an Italian-American Roman Catholic, and a 1939 Cornell University graduate. They married on November 6, 1945, despite the opposition of their respective parents. Ann typed his manuscripts and reviewed his writing. Ann and Bernard had two children, Paul (b. 1947) and Janna (b. 1952). Janna Malamud Smith is the author of a memoir about her father, title My Father is a Book. Malamud died in Manhattan in 1986, at the age of 71. WORKS OF MALAMUD Malamuds first novel, The born(p) (1952 ) ,is considered one of his most symbolic works .While the novel ostensibly traces the life of Roy Hobbs, an American baseball player , the work has underlying mythic elements and explores such themes as initiation and isolation. For instance, some reviewers cited evidence of the Arthurian legend of the Holy Grail others applied T. S. Eliots wasteland myth in their analyses The Natural in any case foreshadows what would become Malamuds predominant narrative focus a suffering protagonist fight to compensate moral dilemmas, to act according to what is right, and to accept the complexities and hardships of existence.Malamuds second novel, The Assistant (1957), portrays the life of Morris Bober, a Jewish immigrant who o wns a grocery store in Brooklyn. Although he is struggling to survive financially, Bober hires a cynical anti-semitic youth, free-spoken Aloine after learning that the man is homeless and on the verge of starvation. Through this contact Frank learns to find grace and dignity in his own identity. Described as naturalistic fable, this novel affirms the saving(a) value of maintaining faith in the goodness of the human soul. Malamuds first entreaty of short stories, The supernatural Barrel, (1958) was awarded the guinea pig Book award in 1959.Like The Assistant, most of the stories in this collection depict the search for hope and meaning within the grim entrapment of unworthy urban settings and were influenced by Yiddish folktales and Chassidic traditions. Many of Malamuds best known short stories, including The Last Mohican, Angel Levine, and Idiots First, were republished in The Stories of Bernard Malamud in 1983. A New Life (1961), considered one of Malamuds most true-to-life novels, is based in part on Malamuds teaching career at Oregon State University.This work focuses on an ex-alcoholic Jew from New York City who becomes a professor at a college in the Pacific Northwest. It examines the main characters search for self-respect, while poking merriment at life at a learning institution. Malamuds next novel, The Fixer (1966), is one of his most brawny works. The winner of both the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award, this book is based on the historical cypher of Mendel Beiliss, a Russian Jew who was accused of murdering a Christian child.With The Tenants (1971), Malamud returns to a New York City setting in a contrast between two writersone Jewish and the other African Americanstruggling to survive in an urban ghetto. Malamud further addresses the nature of literature and the role of the artist in capital of Irelands Lives (1979). In this work, the protagonist, William Dublin, attempts to create a sense of worth for himself, both as a man and as a writer. Malamuds last finished novel, Gods Grace (1982), studies both the original Holocaust and a new, imagined Holocaust of the future.The novel is a wild, at times brilliant, at times confusing, description of a flood sympathetic to that in the Bible story of Noahs ark. Malamud continued to place stories in top American magazines. Mervyn Rothstein reported in the New York Times that Malamud said at the end of his life, With me, its story, story, story. In Malamuds next-to-last collection, Rembrandts Hat, only one story, The Silver Crown, deals with Jewish themes. Malamud is also renowned for his short stories, often oblique allegories set in a dreamlike urban ghetto of immigrant Jews.Of Malamud the short story writer, Flannery OConnor wrote I have discovered a short-story writer who is better than any of them, including myself. He published his first stories in 1943, Benefit Performance in verge and The Place Is Different Now in American Preface. In the early 1950s, his s tories began appearing in Harpers Bazaar, aid Review, and Commentary. The Magic Barrel was his first published collection of short stories (1958) and his first winner of his first National Book Award for Fiction.Most of the stories depict the search for hope and meaning within the bleak enclosures of poor urban settings. The title story focuses on the unlikely relationship of Leo Finkle, an unmarried rabbinical student, and Pinye Salzman, a colorful marriage broker. Finkle has spent most of life with his nose buried in books and therefore isnt well-educated in life itself. However, Finkle has a greater interest the art of romance. He engages the services of Salzman, who shows Finkle a number of potential brides from his magic barrel but with each picture Finkle grows more uninterested.After Salzman convinces him to match Lily Hirschorn, Finkle realizes his life is truly empty and lacking the passion to revel God or humanity. When Finkle discovers a picture of Salzmans daughter a nd sees her suffering, he sets out on a new mission to save her. other(a) well-known stories included in the collection are The Last Mohican, Angel Levine, Idiots First, and The Mourners. This last story focuses on Kessler, the defiant old man in need of social security and Gruber, the belligerent landlord who doesnt destiny Kessler in the tenement anymore.Malamuds fiction touches lightly upon mythic elements and explores themes like isolation, class, and the conflict between burgher and artistic values. His prose, like his settings, is an artful pastiche of Yiddish-English locutions, punctuated by sudden lyricism. Writing in the second fractional of the twentieth century, Malamud was well aware of the social problems of his day rootlessness, infidelity, abuse, divorce, and more. But he also depicted love as redemptive and sacrifice as uplifting.In his writings, success often depends on cooperation between antagonists. For example, in The Mourners landlord and tenant learn from each others anguish. In The Magic Barrel, the matchmaker worries about his fallen daughter, while the daughter and the rabbinic student are drawn together by their need for love and salvation. Malamuds triad story Rembrandts Hat collection is noteworthy for its consistently pessimistic tone and theme of failed communication in stories such as My Son the Murderer, The Silver Crown, and The Letter.The volume The People, and pull together Stories contains an unfinished novel about a Russian Jewish peddler in the American westerly who becomes a marshal and is kidnapped by Indians. It also includes fourteen stories written between 1943 and 1985. LIST OF OTHER noteworthy JEWISH AMERICAN WRITERS Aimee Bender novelist and short story writer, known for her often fantastic and surreal plots and characters Saul Bellow, novelist that won the Pulitzer Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the National Medal of Arts Bernard Cooper, novelist, short story writer E. L.Doctorow, novelis t Richard Ellmann, literary critic, won National Book Award for Nonfiction Barthold Fles, literary agent and non-fiction writer Emma Goldman, anarchist writer Joseph Heller, author of Catch-22 Christopher Hitchens, literary critic and policy-making activist Irving Howe, literary critic Roger Kahn. The Boys of Summer 1972 Jerzy Kosinski, author of The Painted red cent Emma Lazarus, poet and novelist Fran Lebowitz, author, known for her sardonic social commentary on American life through her New York sensibilities Seymour Martin Lipset, political sociologist. Reggie Nadelson, novelist known particularly for her mystery works Mark Obama Ndesandjo, author, half-brother of President Barack Obama Cynthia Ozick, short story writer, novelist, and essayist Jodi Picoult, novelist Ayn Rand, novelist and founder of Objectivism Lea Bayers Rapp, non-fiction and childrens fiction writer Philip Roth, known for autobiographical fiction that explored Jewish and American identity. Norman Rosten, novelist J. D. Salinger, author of The Catcher in the Rye Gary Shteyngart (born 1972) Russian-born writer Isaac Bashevis Singer, leading figure in Yiddish literature, won Nobel Prize George Steiner (born 1929) literary critic Daniel Stern, novelist Leopold Tyrmand, writer Judith Viorst (born 1932) author, known for her childrens literature Elie Wiesel, Holocaust survivor and author of 57 books destruction The situation and the position of the Jewish-American writer have always been different from that of the other ethnicities in America and mollify remain so until today.One difference is highlighted by a comparison with the African-American writers. The marginal position of black authors has disappeared on the book market in the United States, but the themes of alienation and anger pass on not vanish as readily from their works. Instead of integration into the Literary and artistic mainstream, black writers and artists wanted, especially since the Black Art s Movement of the 1960s, to arrive at their own forms of literary expression which would have direct relevance for their lives.They wished to answer the question of their relationship to white mainstream culture by implementing a multicultural scheme their literature is not that of assimilation, but in many ways that of establishing difference, separatism, and cultural resistance. While with the African-American writers there is no sense of the success or regular(a) desirability of social and cultural integration into the preponderantly white mainstream of American society, many Jewish-American authors felt it as necessary and desirable, and as a result even managed to acquire it.Indeed, a great number of contemporary Jewish-American writers such as Norman Mailer, Saul Bellow, Joseph Heller, Bernard Malamud, Arthur Miller, Philip Roth and others have had literary success. The language employed by these writers is standard American English, they are socially accepted, and their wor ks are read by a wide Jewish and non-Jewish audience. For this reason it is widely considered that their texts form part of a recognized literary canon, and belong to the American literary center or mainstream, as far as this may still be defined today.As much as we agreed to this idea we cannot trim down several facts which underline the necessity to view Jewish American literary productions as shaped by strong ethnic forces, and Jewish American literature as both belonging to and standing out in the multicultural American landscape. BIBLOGRAPHY Books Sanford, Sternlicht Masterpieces of Jewish American Literature Cristina, Nilsson Jewish American Literature Bernard Malamud, Philip Roth and Cynthia Ozick Websites http//en. wikipedia. org http//www. swiftpapers. com http// hand of Form.

Mechanical Reproduction Essay Example for Free

machinelike Reproduction Essay endure of fraud in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction by Walter Benjamin can be summed up into two important subjectsreproducibility and the notion of the aura. One of the main ideas of Benjamin Walters work is technological advancement in the field of the humanistic discipline which has changed art itself. Mass reproduction of works of art has made even the replicas works of art by themselves. Consequently, the original has lost its authenticity.The concept of the aura is the next major idea that Benjamin Walter discussesthe aura is the precise essence of a work of art, which is lost because of mass reproduction, particularly art that uses film as a medium. As the times change, so to do the perceptions of humansand thus, contributing to the demise of the aura in art. Art and tradition go hand in hand, but with the advent of modern mediums today, art as production line (mass production) has become the main concern.Art has two functions, eithe r as cult magical in function, vague from view, or as a public spectacle. The difference between film and portraits is that film does not shed that aura. The succeeding sections mostly talk about film. One section delves into some theories on film, while other section talks about the actor, citing differences between acting in front of a live reference and acting in front of the camera and how the camera destroys the aura of the acting. Section nine is about how anyone can, or rather, play as works of art because of film.The camera hides real talent and shows only that which the filmmakers want to project. The perch of the discussion is still about film and the differences this new technology has made into our modern perception of art.Work CitedBenjamin, Walter. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. Core Concepts for Communication and Web Development. English Department, Bentley College. 02 bump into 2009 http//web. bentley. edu/empl/c/rcrooks/toolbox/common_ knowledge/general_communication/benjamin. html.

South Africa Essay Example for Free

federation Africa EssayThe state of South Africa was classified into four groups which was the Black, White, Indian, and Colored. The Colored group included people regarded as being of mixed spill including people of Bantu, and European ancestry and much more. Knowing that Apartheid was a system of laws created to keep the white population in control. The Group Areas act of 1951 controlled people where they could of live. The black where driven far away from their city, although their jobs were still in the cities in the white neighborhood. The Bantu education Act meant that the black students were disadvantaged with their education. Bus fares were expensive and espial public transport everyday was expensive and caused hardship and depression for the black people. (Wikipedia) The apartheid policy was highly utile of achieving its goal of privileged conduct for whites. On the other hand, the white population supported apartheid because they felt it was on that point to own the land of South Africa.There were many white pro apartheid people because of the much larger population of black South Africans causing the white people to believe that if the black were given rights and freedom, they would of no longer have political power. The white people were worried because they thought that their race would be taken over and they would lose the control that they always had. As a final point, In February 1990 President FW de Klerk announced the release of Nelson Mandela and began the exclusion of the Apartheid system.In 1992 a white council approved the reform process and on April 27, 1994 the graduation exercise democratic elections were held in South Africa with people of all different races being able to vote. After the Apartheid came to an finale in South Africa, people had more freedom. The Africans now have a little more currency now that its not all going to the white. South Africa is now peaceful and the anniversary of the elections, which was he ld on April 27, is celebrated as a public holiday in South Africa known as granting immunity Day.

Personal Goals Essay Example for Free

Personal Goals EssayMy goal in heart is to bring forth a neonatal nurse practioner this not lone(prenominal) accomplishes my long- circumstance passe-partout goal yet a long-term personal goal as well I want to provide for my family, and raise an example for my children. To t individually them that if they work hard and never give up they can accomplish anything. My professional short term goal is to be competent to stop my two in the morning root route and become employed by the local childrens hospital giving back to a howling(prenominal) profession that supportered me when my two littlest were in the NICU. My personal short term goal is to pass my courses as they come here at University of Phoenix, and gain the necessary knowledge to become the best nurse and generate I can possibly be. The skills I need to accomplish these atomic number 18 good era management, concern to detail, compassion, and persistence. I hope to be able to pass these qualities on to my chil dren, nevertheless also use them in my professional life as well. To accomplish these goals thither are a lot of milestones to achieve along the counseling. First I had to receive my ADN-RN degree this was something I did not know if I could accomplish.With the loving support, reasonableness and help from my family I graduated and made the Deans list, all while pregnant, working a full while job and taking care of 4 other children. Next milestone, after sestet years, was deciding to back to school to obtain my BSN, this too allow be an uphill climb only I will accomplish it. It took me forever to pee-pee all the paper work in order, get the financial aid needed, get my transcripts from my other university, unless through it all I was helped by the wonderful staff here at University of Phoenix.After all that are my Masters degree and my NNP license my final exam milestones as my professional goals are concerned but just the beginning of the rest of my career. Along the way m y personal milestones will be to get into a house that I do not rent, realise my children go off to college themselves and enjoy the peace and quiet of an empty house. By doing these things, taking one meter at a time and enjoying he moments I will be gaining the necessary skills to not only be a great nurse but a great teacher to my children good assume habits, time management, determination, and will to accomplish the goal at hand will be needed in both my profession and as a mom. According to Anonymous 2002, nearly 40,000 low-birth-weight babies are born each year in the United States, there will offer to be a market for neonatal nurses. This saddens me to think of all the babies in the NICU, but also reassures me that I will always have hazard to be employed and able to take care of my family.Salaries vary by region but whitethorn start in the upper $30s to $40s (Anonymous 2002). This financial security will allow me to not only support my family, get a house of my own, bu t also continue my education with minimal stress. Putting in my due diligence not only academically but personally helps alleviate doing everything last minute. By setting aside a few hours a daylight for rigorous studies allows me to budget the rest of my time accordingly between my children, me and research to improve my career. I cheer a planner or calendar of some sort to keep you accountable for how your day is spent. call back the dishes will be there, the laundry will eventually get folded, the paper will get pen but time with your family can never be replaced, so make sure to schedule that time as well. It helps sometimes to step back regroup and get a perspective of why you are doing this and relax. According to Harvey and Leslie (2006) senior neonatal nurses can do much to develop an grounds and research shade on units and to guide program development. This milestone is also a great goal of mine, to be able to make a difference in neonatal evidence based practice.To apply my knowledge, do research, founder a prognosis and pass it on to the next generation of nurses. This should be a goal of every nurse to improve the medical field while being advocates for our patients. By building good time management skills now while I am still in school will help me prepare to continue doing so in my professional and personal life. In Harvey and Leslie (2006) it also states, by underdeveloped a substantial community of people embedded in clinical settings and universities who can address these divers(prenominal) issues surrounding research leadership, neonatal nursing will move to a new era of evidence based practice.In conclusion, I want to make a difference this is my short and long term professional and personal goal. To help my fellow student succeed in their endeavors when possible, but to also manipulate my own children grow, prosper and head out into the world themselves. Cappleman (2004) describes the process of initiating, maintaining, and event ually terminating the professional-family relationships. I want the families to be comfortable talking with health care professionals as people not just doctors and nurses to ask questions, visit how to care for their infants on their own.Cappleman (2004) witnessed teaching mothers how to interpret their infants behavior, and helping them to acquire skills in caring for them, are and then essential nursing activities. I recommend becoming more than just a nurse to our patients become a confidant, friend, mentor, shoulder to cry on giving them the necessary tools to eventually take care of themselves, but also making them feel comfortable in asking questions and talking to us when necessary. By prison-breaking down these barriers we not only care for the medical needs but emotional and psychological as well.When we allow ourselves to become in tune with our patients by sharing of ourselves, our fears it shows that we are people too. This allows us to be more caring and sincere i n our personal lives to show compassion and understanding for those around us. Although there is no formal training, time management issues, obstacles and milestones I have accomplished with difficulty, and more to come, my goal trunk to become a neonatal nurse practioner, be an example to my children and make a difference in the world.

Tobacco Smoking and Its Effect on Periodontal Disease Essay Example for Free

Tobacco Smoking and Its Effect on Periodontal Disease EssayThe suggest of oral health research is to find expose more information on areas which can be im manifestd to benefit not only the publics oral health knowledge and stipulation but to improve oral health professional methods of practice as well (Petersen, 2003). The researchs main accusatory is to inspect tobacco smoking and its effect on periodontic disease on the red-hot Zealand adult population. capitulum methods to be used include collecting data from participants that would be randomly selected from a sample which could diddle the New Zealand adult population and interviewed from a telephone using a survey. The participants would categorize themselves as either as a non-smoker, former smoker or reliable smoker. The participants would then make up their probing pocket depth and gingival recession clinical measured at three contrastive tooth sites with 2.5-3.5mm, 3.5-5mm and over 5mm range recorded. The re search hopes to impact the fact that smoking is a risk factor to periodontitis and that smoking should be prevented.Summary of PROPOSED ResearchBackgroundPeriodontal disease arises from inflammation of the gingivae that is untreated usually cognise as gingivitis. The inflammation and infection moves from the gingivae to the bone and supporting ligaments of the teeth. This loss of bone and support testament cause the tooth to become mobile and this may lead to it eventually falling out. Being susceptible to periodontic disease is different according to a person as bacterial flora and local and systemic factors (Thomson et al, 2007). It is an important area to research for the New Zealand adult population as tobacco Smoking is known to effect periodontal disease this is done through affecting the level of bone attachment and the piano tissues around the gingivae (Obeid Bercy, 2000).The appearances clinically of gingivae for a smoker is different as it is fibrotic with rolled mar gins that are thick, pocketing depth which is larger consistently in maxillary lingual sites, the gingivae being less inflamed compared to the disease level seen and a person having a deeper probing depth, attachment loss and tooth loss than a person at the alike(p) age who never has smoke-dried. Smokers have also been known to have impaired healing of gingivae due to prodigal flow and poorer clinically results to both surgical and non-surgical treatment (Obeid Bercy, 2000). It is necessary to research this area to find out if the amount of cigarettes smoked has more of an effect on the stage of periodontitis. When researching this topic the necessary confounding factors much(prenominal) as age, sex and socio economic status has to be considered (Bergstrom et al, 2000).AimThe researchs main objective is to inspect tobacco smoking and its effect on periodontitis on the New Zealand adult population. description of Study and DesignA descriptive cross sectional necessitate will b e researched to tense and find out if tobacco smoking is a workaday risk factor for periodontal disease. Principal methods to be used include collecting data from participants 18 and over that would be randomly selected from a community sample which could represent the New Zealand adult population and interviewed from a telephone using a survey. The participants would categorize themselves as either as a non-smoker, former smoker or current smoker.The current smokers would then have their smoking listed as heavy, moderate or light depending on the amount of cigarettes smoked daily. The participants would then have their probing pocket depth and gingival recession clinical measured at three different tooth sites with 2.5-3.5mm, 3.5-5mm and over 5mm range recorded by a Dentist and Dental Hygienist. The periodontitis will be recorded as no, moderate and severe depending on the bone attachment loss. historic period and sex would be used as main confounders. The get wind will have to be ethically approved by the Otago University Human Ethics Committee. The adults income will be a confounder factor also as it effects their ability to have dental care. The data will be statistically analysed and the results published.ParticipantsThe research study requires randomly selected participants male and female over eighteen which will give a sample of adults which could represent the New Zealand adult population. The recruitment process will be through telephone numbers provided from a district health board such as Public health south. The inclusion criteria would be adults over the age of 18 that do not wear full dentures, have enough dentition to be examined at three different random tooth sites and also do not have a medical condition which prevents them from partaking in the clinical examination.Main Outcome MeasuresThe researchs main goal is to prove through a descriptive cross sectional study that tobacco smoking is a casual risk factor on periodontitis regarding t he New Zealand adult population. Another goal is to measure the luridness of periodontitis regarding the amount of cigarettes the person smokes weather the risk is increased with more cigarettes smoked or not.ReferencesBergstrm, J., Eliasson, S., Dock, J. (2000). A 10-year prospective study of tobacco smoking and periodontal health. Journal of periodontology, 71(8), 1338-1347.Obeid, P. (2000). Effects of smoking on periodontal health a review. Advances in Therapy, 17(5), 230-237.Petersen, P. E. (2003). Tobacco and oral health-the role of the World health Organization. Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry, 1(4), 309-316.Thomson, W. M., Broadbent, J. M., Welch, D., Beck, J. D., Poulton, R. (2007). Cigarette smoking and periodontal disease among 32yearolds a prospective study of a representative birth cohort. Journal of clinical periodontology, 34(10), 828-834.

Evolution Of Central Banking In India Finance Essay

Evolution Of Central cussing In India pay EssayThe term paper discusses the fibre that the view as patois of India has played in the Indian shoreing remains. In the start it talks ab break through the evolution of the blasphemeing company and its preliminary functions. Then the subprogram of the coin bank in the last two decades has been studied taking into tarradiddle structural interpolates made by the bank so as to adapt to the changing needs of the banks in the dynamic economic environment. It can be observe that the fibre of the Central bank has changed from being a mere discoverler to an en commensu ordainr where it is in a correct to make the banking industry make significant contri b arlyion to the countrys economy. The paper withal discusses the supervisory role of rbi where it is trying to implement the probek Based method to supervise banks. The paper concludes with the future outlook on the banking industry and how the rbi should evolve further when compared to Central Banks in substantial economies across the cosmos.The dupe got Bank of IndiaEvolution of Central Banking in IndiaReserve bank of India is fundamental bank of India and regulates all the banks of the country. It all started in late 18th century when first time in the narration of India Warren Hastings mat that there is need of importantized bank in India. His recommendation didnt reach at a profound conclusion of creating a primal automobile trunk to regulate the banking in India. Later when demand of central bank incr balanced in the 20th century and Lord Keynes in any case recommended heretofore outting up a central bank. Three Presidency banks Presidency bank of Bengal, Presidency bank of Bombay and Presidency bank of Madras merged to corpse Imperial bank of India to make central bank of India. A bill was brought in the assembly to rear run batted in as central bank in in India in 1927 but got refused. In the 3rd round table conference held in th e division 1933, it was recommended to set up a free body to control the banking system in India. Due to all these fresh recommendations a fresh bill tabled in the parliament on 22 December 1933 and got passed in year 1934. Reserve bank started its function from April 1 1935 under the Reserve bank of India Act 1934.Evolution of Role and FunctionsRole of run batted in is evolved over the decimal point of time. In the initial stages it perform two basic functions. First, it acted as a central point of militia for Indian banks and timely lend to the banks as they required funds for the operations in the emergency case. Second, it functioned as a regulator for the Indian banks and made sure that they perform their activities in the interest of the depositors. In the years in front the independence, banking meshwork and scenario in India was not spread properly all over the country. They were divided in the foreign banks and municipal banks. Foreign banks mostly served to the Brit ish companies in India. Domestic banks were simply engaged with domestic groups and overall banking intermediation among the banks and the customers was weak.The Reserve Bank of India (run batted in) or the Central Bank is the backbone of the Indian pecuniary system. It was set up under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. RBI was initially started with 5 crores of capital and governed by directors of central bank. Since its inception in the year 1935, the functions underinterpreted by the bank have not only increased but have also undergone changes in accordance with the changing needs of the Indian economy. It was in the year 1949 that the bank was farmingalized.The role and functions of RBI became critical after independence and worked in order to increase the saving garments in India to generate more than wealth for growth of the country. More the people depart save and more will be the investment in the projects. Its roles were primarily on the basis of this hypothes is that the miserable were ineffectual to save and increase funds on their avouch. RBI was assisting government to establish institutions to serve the public by providing funds for specific functions.After siemens five year scheme in 1956 government of India came up with decision of establishing monetary institutions with assistance of RBI. These institutions were Industrial development bank of India (IDBI), Industrial ascribe and Investment connection of India (ICICI), Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI). They will make credit available and perform their functions at central take and work as apex institutions for much(prenominal) state level and regional institutions. The role of RBI became concentrated after the establishment of these institutions. The Functions of RBI evolved with expansion of banking. RBI played a vital role to make the banking facilities available in the concerned areas. Banking reached to remote areas of the country. SBI was formed in 1955. Imperial bank of India was reborn in State bank of India in the year 1955. Then came the period of very critical moves of the Indian banking history when 14 banks were nationalized in 1969 and in 1980 when 6 more banks were nationalized. These bold moves led to the increased network in the rural areas of the country where most of the population was base. The traditional credit was for agriculture and a change institution being established in 1963 with name of Agriculture Finance Corporation (AFC) which later converted into NABARD in 1982. The role of RBI expanded after these institutions as these institutions alleviateed the country to evolve with better banking facilities.Functions of Reserve Bank of IndiaThese are some basic roles which RBI performs in the countryIssue currency notes RBI is only authorized government body to foreshorten notes in the country. It has one issuing department to issue notes of 2,5,10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000. One rupee note is issued by the fin ance ministry of central government.Bank of the Government RBI is known as the banker or Agent of central government. It brooks deposit of the government and pays on the demand of government. It also gives timely advice to the government on the financial policies. RBI issues bonds for the government and manages debt for them with appropriate charges.Bank of the banks RBI also performs the job of banker for the all the banks in India. All banks who came under RBI act, have to post their cash reserves at the rate called CRR with RBI. RBI will regulate and supervise the operations of banks as soon as they are in collectived under the RBI Act.Banking System Regulator RBI is responsible for the regulation of Indian banking system. All banks who comes under RBI Act 1949 are bound follow the guidelines issued by RBI. RBI has powers of licensing, management, expansion, recap and direction in this regard.Clearing House RBI is responsible for the settlements among the banks. It runs go ac rossing houses in major cities to for the settlements and muted trans exercise of cash between banks. opinion Control Credit Control is another important role that RBI performs. RBI performs credit control duty with the help of qualitative and quantitative instruments. Some qualitative measures are selective credit control, rationing of credit, moral persuasion and direct action. Bank Rate, Cash Reserve balance, Statutory Liquidity Ratio, Repo Reverse Repo and Open securities industry trading operations are quantitative instruments to control credit.THE business office OF THE BANK POST 1990In the early 1990s, the country was faced with the crisis of maintaining its diminishing foreign exchange reserves. in that location was a need to ascribe in place a new economic framework and policies so as to deal with this situation. This period saw the introduction of economic reforms which made the environment more tributary for the run of the private sector. During this period it w as the Reserve Bank of India which was entrusted with the task of regulating the new system that was put in place, withdrawing in technology to streng so, modernize and make the functioning of banks more efficient, introducing varied financial constitution instruments and management of currency.As of today, keeping in line with the changes that need to be incorporated in the functioning of the Central Bank, the bank is divided into 27 departments where each department is responsible for polity making in a particular area assigned to it. Depending on the requirement the bank has in the away added new departments and closed down some of the existing departments.The Central Board has the responsibility of the proper functioning of the Central Bank. The aim of the Central Bank is to ensure stability of prices mend supporting economic growth. The role of the central Bank has evolved over the years from being the implementer of the monetary policy to include other functions such as regulation and supervision of the countrys banking system. Moreover it has also gained greater self-sufficiency in its functioning with regards to managing its own personnel, financing expenditure for the government where the RBI (rather than the government) can decide the amount of funding provided to the government, this further style that the monetary policy can be implemented independently of the fiscal policy and the new instruments introduced by RBI give it more flexibility so to better respond to changing macroeconomic environment. part 1990, various changes have been made by the bank in its structure and operations to deal with the responsibilities garget on it. In the year 1994 the Board for Financial Supervision was formed and was given that task of regulating, auditing and inadvertence banks, NBFCs, and financial institutions. Although the body exists under the RBI it is independent in its functioning which is not the case for many an(prenominal) Central Banks acros s the world. In the year 1995, Bhartiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited was formed as a subsidiary of RBI. The reason for its formation was the management of the banks two printing presses so as to handle the supply of currency in the economy when needed. The Financial Markets Committee (FMC) has been established in the year 1997 and is responsible for providing inputs on a daily basis with regards to the same. The Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) has been formed in July 2005 where its role is to advise the bank on the actions that it should take while reviewing the monetary policy. Also introduced in the second half of 2005 were the pre consultation meetings and resource management discussions (conducted every year) where apart from the Indian Banks Association, representatives from other banking and financial institutions are also present so as to give their opinions and views regarding which direction the economy is headed before the monetary policy review. Such inter actions will make the policy review inclusive and transparent. Another area of change in the recent past is more interaction by the bank with the journalists and the media resulting in better dissemination of information. saucy MONETARY POLICY INSTRUMENTS INTRODUCED AFTER 1990Apart from the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), the bank in the last decade has introduced other instruments such as Open Market Operations (OMO) and Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) to manage short term liquidity requirements for banks, also introduced in 2004 was the Market Stabilization Scheme (MSS) for managing excess liquidity because of inflow of capital into the country from abroad. The portfolio of monetary policy tools that the bank has, gives it the required flexibility to deal with the changing macroeconomic conditions and make monetary policy transmission more efficient and effective.To protect the monetary policy from being impacted by the fiscal policy (fiscal famine monetization), the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act was passed in the year 2003, this has given more autonomy and control to the bank with respect to the monetary policy. The bank has also given its view with regards to largeness where gibe to it the upper limit on the inflation should be around 5 %. This has influenced the acceptable level of inflation to come down. The RBI has had the freedom to make changes with respect to the mandatory provisions that banks have to make (such as CRR and SLR which are direct monetary policy tools) and the assignment of stake weights as and when needed.EVOLVING SUPERVISORY ROLE on that point has been a gradual shift in the supervisory and regulatory roles that RBI had been assigned. Initially the Central bank was mainly concerned with maintaining solvency of banks operating in the system where it issued directives and guidelines with regards to granting of licenses, the level of reserves to be maintained, specifying intere st order for lending and deposits, requirement of capital. Whereas now the RBI is trying to put in place processes which take into account the countrys economic condition and are in line with those followed by Central banks across the world.The Central Bank has successfully handled the role of a supervisor for the changing Indian banking industry. Earlier Central Bank was more concerned with ensuring that the banks in the system were adhering to the all the safeguards laid down by it. The move up used gave more importance to a banks financial statements and checking for any incidence of non compliance (offsite, onsite limited reviews, CAMELS method). Under this approach the information that could be obtained from the banks financial statements was used as the criterion by the auditors to form any judgment about the bank. This approach had been sufficient in the recent past when the banks in the system had limited their business to lending out and getting deposits. However post 2 000 the banking industry has countn the arrival of technology and the introduction of extremely complex financial instruments or products (for instance Securitization, Derivatives) which have linkages across different marts. This has made the supervisory role of the bank even tougher. With the complexity and the risk in the banking system increasing the earlier method of supervising the banks is no longitudinal sufficient. It fails to take an overall view of the banks business. It does not look at how much risk the bank is facing, whether it is able to understand it and is in a position to manage it.Thus the Central bank is now way on the lay on the line Based method for supervising banks. This is still an ongoing process. Through this method the level of risk associated with a particular bank can be estimated and a specific supervisory plan can be developed for the bank. The following diagram shows the steps involved in risk ground assessment.SUPERVISION CYCLEUnderstanding the bank profile and developing a riskiness Matrix based on inputs from offsite observe and surveillance, internal capital adequacy assessment, audit reports, market intelligencePlanning the supervisory action to be taken, defining its scope and objective and communicating it to the management of the bankDiscussion with management, observe action plan, mitigation of risk, required level of supervisionSurveillance Review and Evaluation Process, Assessment of Capital, onsite inspection and determining the risk ratingThe take chances Assessment Matrix combined with the Risk electric shock pass judgment gives the level of supervision needed for the bank.The Risk Assessment Matrix is as given belowRisk GroupWeightsRisk (Net)85%Risk(OG) 15%Risk (inherent)Risk (control)Risk associated with governance and oversightCredit Risk (CR)30%70%30%Market Risk (MR)20%70%30% useable Risk (OR)20%70%30%Liquidity Risk (LR)20%70%30% column 2 Risk (P2)10%70%30%Now for any group say Credit RiskRisk Credi t = 0.7 * Risk Inherent +0.3* Risk ControlSimilarly it can be calculated for all other groups.Now the Risk (Net) = 0.85*(0.3* Risk Credit + 0.2* Risk Market + 0.2 * Risk Operations +0.2 * Risk Liquidity + 0.1 * Risk Pillar2) + 0.15 * Risk OGRisk of also-ran = 0.2*(Risk (Net)2 + Capital available)The risk of failure is arranged on a linear scale from 0 to 4. The score obtained above is then combined with the Impact Rating (again arranged on a scale from 0 to 4) to get the prerequisite supervisory action to be taken for the bank. The impact rating is dependent on the following factors coatInterconnectednessCross Jurisdictional activitiesComplexityInfrastructureEach factor is again assigned a weight and is further dependent on impact indicators.Risk Impact Index MatrixRisk FailureImpact Rating1664gross25693681144416366414916Risk Impact Index = (Risk Failure)2*(Impact Rating)2For the matrix shown above in column 1 Risk Failure = 1 and Risk Impact varies between 1 to 4, exchangeablely in column 2 Risk Failure = 2 and Risk Impact again varies between 1 to 4. Each bank will lie in one of the boxes and the different colors indicate the type of supervision needed for a particular bank.The type of supervision recommended by the Central Bank is as followsColorSupervision mandatoryBaseline MonitoringClose MonitoringActive OversightCorrective ActionThe level of monitoring becomes more stringent as we move down the above table. For banks with high risk of failure (say 4) the action is stringent irrespective of the impact rating.Future OutlookComparison of RBI with other central banks of the worldOn comparing RBI with other central banks of the world, we see that each bank adopts different tools scorn having similar objectives. The difference in the same can be seen in the structure of the balance tab of the respective countries.Some of the salient features of major world banks areFEDIn USA, the central bank controls the fund rates through Open Market Operations or OMO by infusing or engrossing liquidity through the purchase or selling of US treasuries. Other tools used are brush off rate facility and Reserve requirements which help control the banks. FED also introduced certain new tools such as term deposit facility, primary dealer credit facility etc. after the 2008 crisis where poor regulations were attributed to the market crash. USA is thus follows an active market based system.ECBECB on the other hand follows more of a bank based approach. Though ECB also adopts OMO, it follows a different approach where it produces money and lends it to banks similar to a repo transaction where the preferred collateral is government bonds.This difference can also be attributed to the history of the nation with USA traditionally being a supporter of open market. Hence during the crisis, the FED responded by providing liquidity to entities such as Mutual funds, Primary dealers etc. while ECB s approach was concentrate on on the various central banks.Compa rison with RBIOn comparison of the above banks with RBI, we clearly see certain similarities as well as differences. India being a developing nation does not hold the power of developed nations and hence RBI uses both Repo transactions as well as OMO purchases to control the financial system of the nation.India predominantly follows a bank based system where the RBI controls the banks and lays down guidelines for its operation. This has helped put in place a strong foundation for the growth of the nation but looking precedent with the development of financial markets in India, the RBI would need to ease down regulations in order to help the nation progress. Currently the banking industry in India is unattractive for players to enter due to stiff competition as well as guidelines from the RBI.The comparison of the balance sheet of RBI with other central banks revealed some kindle insights. For the analysis, we compare RBIs balance sheet with balance sheets of central banks of both developed and developing nations. The banks we have taken into consideration are the USAs Federal Reserve, European Central Bank, Swiss National Bank (SNB) and Brazils Banco Central Do Brazil (BCB). For Europe, balance sheet of ECB and 17 other national banks have been combined to give a better idea. This has been named as ESCB or European System of Central Banks.From the diagram we see that central banks of developed economies rely more on bank reserves for creating liquidity (Bank Reserves 2% to 53% in 2011 for Fed). The share in currency during the period has decreased. For RBI we see that there has been no major change during the years.Analysis of the graph above shows that for developed economies, domestic assets form the largest share of assets while for India the share of domestic assets has increased over the years. From the above analysis, we see how having good regulations helped India ride out the 2008 crisis without any major loses while we see significant changes for de veloped nations.India is thus heading in the right direction in impairment of how the central bank is molding itself to propel Indias growth in the future.Bond Market in IndiaThe corporate bond market in India is currently underdeveloped with high financing costs acting as a hindrance for firms to raise money through this avenue. On analyzing the financing polices of firms from 2000-01 to 2010-11 we see that of the total debt embossed by companies the proportion of debt raised from banks has increased from 14% to 18% while the debt from bond markets has stagnated and rose only marginally from 3.5% to 3.9%.Even though the corporate bond market in India is underdeveloped at the moment, it is clear that in order for India to be a developed nation bonds markets have to be come up in order to ease the capital pressure on the banks. In this context the role of RBI going forward will change. Currently we see that there is lag whenever RBI announces a policy since banks take time in respo nding to directives like say a lop off in interest rate while an active bond market will ensure such lag is eliminated. A cut in interest rate by the RBI will increase the bind prices in the market and thus help in faster policy implementation.ROAD AHEADFrom the above analysis we see how the role of RBI has changed over the years and how it fares in comparison to other central banks of the world. The measures taken by the RBI has ensured we have a strong financial foundation which has helped propelled the growth of the nation.Going forward, with the development of financial markets (strong equity market and inevitable development of bond market) RBI should change its role to attract investors and bring in more capital to help fuel the growth of India. RBI thus needs to ease regulation in a way which would make banking attractive and promote the good institutions in the system but at the same time learn from the mistakes committed by developed nations in ensuring we have strong regu lations which help prevent potential crisis. The RBI can thus ensure that the late gateway of India can thus work in its favor in ensuring that the banking industry keeps pace with the growth of the nation and helps India become a developed nation in the near future.